Agricultural land in the Caucasus ecoregion. Cattle in the Caucasus ecoregion. Climate zones of the Caucasus ecoregion. Demography of the Caucausus ecoregion, rural and urban population. Forests in the Caucasus ecoregion. Heavy industry in the Caucasus ecoregion. Pasture land in the Caucausus ecoregion. Drones, robots. Rally, Protests, Demos, crowds. Hostages and Refugees. No Connection, Jamming, Radar. Rifle Gun, armed men. Explosion, blasts. Hackers, computers.
Picture photo. Landmines, IEDs. Crane, construction. Anti-air, SAM. No Water. Electricity, blackout. Nature, disasters. Transport or civil plane. Rescue operation. Natural resource. Mobile, applications.
Animals, wildlife. Animals: Cat. Animals: Dog. Stocks Down. Animals: Snake. Animals: Panda rare animals. Alpine peaks, covered in snow and ice, guard highland plateaus, which in the north give way to expansive prairies and hills. Deep craggy gorges, some circuited by narrow paths, eject waterfalls that empty into rushing rivers, whose waters are fed by high-altitude glaciers.
Coniferous forests predominate at higher altitudes, but mix with deciduous forests as elevation declines. Semi-tropical foothills, lush with vegetation, contrast sharply with arid plans of Southwest Asia.
Farming zones astride the lowland rivers support farming and livestock in the summer. Indeed, the impression of rapidly moving between landscapes often impressed travelers as an unexpected and abrupt exchange of one world for another. We would expect that such a dramatic landscape has contributed to an similarly lively history.
The many forces, at times violent, that molded the peoples of the Caucasus resonate today. As one example, the fractured nature of the past, combined with numerous instances of geographic isolation, have bequeathed the region with four major ethnolinguistic groups indigenous Caucasian, Indo-European, Turkic-Altaic, and Semitic , which include more than fifty ethnic sub-groups speaking twenty-eight different languages and writing in four distinct alphabets.
Yet the region's lingua franca, especially in the north, remains Russian, indicating that nation's long-standing influence in Caucasian affairs. As expected, Caucasian politics have been equally fractious, and continue to be so today.
Currently, four nations, one with a set of autonomous republics and federal regions, occupy Caucasus territory. Offset lithograph, color.
Soviet school map of the Caucasus from the early s. Depicts cities, towns and villages; place names; republic, oblast, and okrug boundaries; roads and trails; railroads; rivers, lakes, and canals; deposits of oil, coal, and useful minerals; and relief by contours, hypsometric tinting, and spot heights. Also includes a profile along the meridian across Mt. Elbrus between the Murad Tukey and the Sal Russia rivers, with intermittent geographic features named, and with horizontal and vertical distances noted.
Late s Soviet school map of the Caucasus. Shows cities, towns, and villages: borders, as well as republic and oblast boundaries; reserves; railroads; main roads and passes; rivers, lakes, and irrigation canals; depths by bathymetric contours and shading; glaciers; swamp lands; sands; frozen sea limits in the Caspian; locations of petroleum, gas, and other natural resources; and relief by shaded tinting, contours, and spot heights.
Tiflis : Litogr. Shtabie Kavk. Maps, non-colored. Scale [ca. Filed under LC call number G s K3 MLC. A set of 5 verst ca.
Library holds complete coverage in eighty-two sheets. Sheet indexes kept with the collection. Name of province shown by map quadrangle appears in upper margin at right, e. Some maps have no province name. Various eds. Title and publication data from British Museum catalogue of printed maps, v. Map quadrangles discontinuously numbered in upper margin in old-orthography Russian, e. Maps, some in color, some photocopies. R8 MLC.
Set of 1 verst , scale maps of the South Caucasus issued initially by the Russian Army's Military Cartography Corps in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Coverage is incomplete, and set does not have a graphic index. Prerevolutionary sheets have no agency name. Some maps are prerevolutionary sheets produced by Korpus voennykh topografov; some are Soviet reprints of prerevolutionary sheets; some are newly produced by Soviet agencies.
Sheets numbered in upper margin, e. Maps, colored. A set of pre-Revolutionary Russian topographic maps of Transcaucasia, North Caucasus, and adjacent parts of Turkey and Persia at , scale. The set is incomplete, but is accompanied by a graphic index indicating contents. LC has 52 sheets as of July Date of information and administrative area name in upper margin, e.
Kuban i Tersk. Persiia, Azerbaijan, Turtsiia, Ushnu, Sulduz. Some maps lack date. Place names in old orthography Russian. Quadrangle numbers in upper margin, e. Title supplied by cataloger. A set of pre-Revolutionary Russian topographic maps of Transcaucasia, North Caucasus, and adjacent parts of Turkey and Persia at , scale, with various sheets revised and issued through the Second World War.
Contents of the set are unknown, but it appears to be comprehensive. No graphic index or list accompanies the set. Maps variously show cities, towns, and villages; place names; highways and roads; railroads; rivers and lakes; vegetation; and relief by contours, shading, and spot heights. Some sheet overprinted in red, with place names and legends in French.
Generalstabes der Armee. G4 MLC. Generalstabes des Armee ca. Maps are German overprints of original Russian maps produced at at 2 versts , scale. Set appears to be complete, and is accompanied by a graphic index. Place names on sheets in Cyrillic, but series title and place name in upper-right corner both Romanized, i. German, and in Cyrillic. All sheets have series title, "Zweiwerstkarte von Trankaukasien," as well as sheet number and name, e.
Erivan Gub. Some sheets laminated, torn, and damaged. Photozincographs, in color. Set of eighteen maps of the Caucasus at , scale compiled and published by the British Ordnance Survey in for the Intelligence Branch of the War Office, and reprinted in Sheets depict towns and villages, including Cossack villages; place names; posting stations; telegraph stations; railroads; rural highways, post and caravan roads, cart roads, and paths; four classes of railway stations; forts and military posts; churches and monasteries; naptha wells; frontier boundaries; vegetation by color; and relief by spot heights and landform drawings.
Military topographic quadrangle maps of the three Soviet union republics in the Southern Caucasus--Azerbaijan, Armenia Republic , and Georgia Republic.
Set incomplete; LC has only 9 sheets as of May Relief shown by contours and spot heights. Original date of information printed in upper margin at left, for example: g. ASSR i Armiansk. Sheets individually numbered alphamerically using roman-alphabet capital lettering for the initial letter and titled in upper margin, for example: JG Paraga -- JG Shikhauz -- JG Liakin.
Sheet JB Artsyvanik is a positive photocopy of an original sheet rubber-stamped. Sheets variously include text, legend, source-materials notes, several diagrams, statistical table, and slope graph in margins. Caucase Maps, in color. With place names and notes in old-orthography Russian. Some have French legends, notes, and place names in red overprint. No graphic index is available. Date of info. Some sheets have no date of info.
Place-names and notes in old-orthography Russian. Some sheets have French sheet title printed in red in upper margin, e. Some sheets have no title. French reprints of prerevolutionary Russian topographic sheets [? Some sheets also have French legend, notes, and place-names in red overprint. London: Great Britain. War Office.
General Staff. Geographical Section, []. Photolithographs, colored. Sheets depict cities, towns, and villages; place names; three classes of railroads; four classes of roads; international boundaries, as well as republic, krai, and oblast boundaries; oil pipelines; rivers, lakes, and canals; airfield facilities; marshes and swamps; and relief by spot heights, contours, and approximate form lines.
Sheets include index to adjoining sheets, index to boundaries, and a military grid reference system. Graphic index accompanies set. Sheets depict cities, towns, and villages; place names; three classes of railroads; four classes of roads; international boundaries, as well as republic, krai, and oblast boundaries; oil pipelines; rivers, lakes, and canals; airfield facilities; marshes and swamps; and relief by spot heights and approximate form lines.
Sheets include a glossary of local geographic feature terms, as well as index to adjoining sheets and military grid system. Individual sheets include Caucasus zone grid information. Each sheet contains title and sheet number, i. II , Sheets show cities, towns, and villages; place names in both German and Russian: six categories of railroads; highways, streets, trails, and snow paths; oil pipelines; telegraph lines; rivers and various categories of bridges; irrigation canals and flood channels; landscape descriptions, i.
Each sheet has extensive legend. Set accompanied by graphic index. Printing date in right margin at bottom, e. Sheets includes abbreviations, diagrams, and index to adjacent sheets.
Shows cities, towns, and villages; place names; four classes of railways; highways and roads; boundaries; locations of industries, mines, and oil pipelines; rivers and canals; marshes and swamps; vegetation by tinting; and relief by contours and spot heights. Coverage complete in seven sheets. Each sheet includes sheet name and number, i. Sheets includes indexes, grid data, and authorities.
Sheets overlaid in red with military grid reference system. Abteilung fur Kriegskarten und Vermessungswesen IV. R1 s Set of German Army maps that show mountain passes and approach trails of military interest in the central portion of the Great Caucasus Range. Relief shown by landform drawings, tinting, and spot heights. Military-geographical information shown in red and purple overprint on topographic base. Each map may show roads, cart paths, mule tracks, rises, and alpine climbing passes.
Maps may also show bridges, steep curves, and passes. Each map includes text and descriptive index of mountain passes.
Imperfect: Sheets variously rubber-stamped, annotated in pencil, wrinkled at edges, torn at edges; Skizze A missing as of Oct. Deutsche Heereskarte. Sheets show cities, towns, and villages; place names; sovkoz, kovkoz, and machine tractor stations; railroads; roads; boundaries; rivers; pipelines; cultural features; industrial features; landscape types; and relief by contours and spot heights.
Depths shown by contours on some maps. Covers Transcaucasus and North Caucasus. Common title differs on some maps: Heereskarte. Grid: Deutsches Heeresgitter. Sheets may depict a variety of features, including: highways, roads, cart paths, and alpine trails; railroads; bridges, tunnels, and passes; rivers and associated features, i.
Each map includes a detailed description of routes, an index to military objectives and points of interest, diagrams, and a legend. Military-geographical information shown in purple overprint on topographic base.
Base maps titled: Deutsche Weltkarte : Sonderausgabe. Sheets numbered in purple: Blatt 1 [thru] Blatt Base-map sheet subtitle and no. Sheet-index map on verso. P19 s Another set of eleven military topographic maps of the Caucasus produced by Germany's Heer Abteilung fur Kriegskarten- und Vermessungswesen during the Second World War.
Sheets may depict a variety of features, including: highways, roads, cart paths, alpine trails, and winter roads; six classes of railroads; bridges, tunnels, and passes; rivers and associated features, i. Versos of some sheets have index map, while other have city plans, i. Early twentieth century Imperial Russian military map depicting administrative divisions in the Caucasus.
Depicts cities, towns, and villages; roads; railroads; rivers; place names; and sundry cultural features. In lower left corner a complete list of major administrative divisions and sub-subdivisions, keyed by number to map location. S7 Soviet administrative map of the Northern Caucasus Territory as of April Depicts boundaries at the Soviet republic, gubernia, autonomous oblast, raion, and okrug levels; administrative centers; cities, towns, and villages; place names; highways and roads; railroads; railroad stations; rivers; and glaciers.
Includes an indexed list of regions and autonomous oblasts of the Northern Caucasus and their combined districts, as well as a list of cities within the region. Administrative Areas of Caucasia. Map, black-and-white. Administrative areas included are union republics, autonomous republics, autonomous oblasts, non-national krais or oblasts, and districts, with the the administrative center of each noted.
Also identified a few place names and includes a legend. Kavkaz: Politiko-Administrativnaia Uchebnaia Karta. Soviet school administrative map of the Caucasus from Shows cities, towns, and villages; place names; borders, as well as republic and oblast boundaries; reserves and sanctuaries; roads and passes; railroads; rivers, lakes, and irrigation canals; reservoirs; limits of frozen seas; swamps and salt marshes; and relief by shading and spot heights.
Map sealed and folded in mylar. Map illustrating areas in the Caucasus to be affected by agricultural irrigation projects during and beyond the first five year plan, Irrigated areas, in addition to projected standard and optimal success rates, are indicated by color and hatching, which also indicates those areas under research and development. Includes a list of twenty-four 24 irrigation projects by name, keyed by number to the map. Also shows railroads; rivers; place names; and state, republic, oblast, and county boundaries.
In Battista Agnese's [Portolan atlas of 9 charts and a world map, etc. Dedicated to Hieronymus Ruffault, Abbot of St. Vaast ]. Manuscript, pen-and-ink and watercolor, on vellum. A4 Vellum chart no. Plate 13 within a mid-sixteenth century portolan atlas.
Depicts the Black Sea, and includes place names along the eastern coast. Also identifies the northwest Caucasus plains as "Mengrelia. Plate available as a digital image on the Library's website. B5 Map of the Black Sea Region. Along the eastern coast depicts towns and villages, place names, streams and rivers, anchorages, pictorial representation of tribal settlements, and relief by hachure.
Map available as a digital image on the Library's website. Venice: [s.
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