Around B. In B. For the next several centuries, the land of modern-day Israel was conquered and ruled by various groups, including the Persians, Greeks , Romans , Arabs, Fatimids, Seljuk Turks, Crusaders , Egyptians, Mamelukes, Islamists and others. From to , what is today Israel, along with much of the Middle East, was ruled by the Ottoman Empire.
In , at the height of the war, British Foreign Secretary Arthur James Balfour submitted a letter of intent supporting the establishment of a Jewish homeland in Palestine. The British government hoped that the formal declaration—known thereafter as the Balfour Declaration —would encourage support for the Allies in World War I.
Arabs vehemently opposed the Balfour Declaration, concerned that a Jewish homeland would mean the subjugation of Arab Palestinians. The complex hostility between the two groups dates all the way back to ancient times when they both populated the area and deemed it holy. Both Jews and Muslims consider the city of Jerusalem sacred.
In the late 19th and early 20th century, an organized religious and political movement known as Zionism emerged among Jews. Zionists wanted to reestablish a Jewish homeland in Palestine. Massive numbers of Jews immigrated to the ancient holy land and built settlements. Between and , about 35, Jews relocated to Palestine.
Another 40, settled in the area between and Many Jews living in Europe and elsewhere, fearing persecution during the Nazi reign , found refuge in Palestine and embraced Zionism.
Arabs in Palestine resisted the Zionism movement, and tensions between the two groups continue. An Arab nationalist movement developed as a result. The United Nations approved a plan to partition Palestine into a Jewish and Arab state in , but the Arabs rejected it.
In May , Israel was officially declared an independent state with David Ben-Gurion , the head of the Jewish Agency, as the prime minister. Between and , hundreds of thousands of Jews resettled from Europe to what was then British-controlled Palestine, including large numbers forced out of Europe during the Holocaust.
Many Arabs saw the influx of Jews as a European colonial movement, and the two peoples fought bitterly. Almost all of the roughly , Jews went to the blue territory in the map to the right, and a majority of the Arab population roughly twice the size of the Jewish community went to the orange.
The Jewish residents accepted the deal. The Palestinians, who saw the plan as an extension of a long-running Jewish attempt push them out of the land, fought it. Israeli forces defeated the Palestinian militias and Arab armies in a vicious conflict that turned , Palestinian civilians into refugees. The UN partition promised 56 percent of British Palestine for the Jewish state; by the end of the war, Israel possessed 77 percent — everything except the West Bank and the eastern quarter of Jerusalem controlled by Jordan , as well as the Gaza Strip controlled by Egypt.
Eleven days later, U. While still a medical student, Jenner noticed that milkmaids who had Louis, Missouri. The Games were actually initially awarded to Chicago, Illinois, but were later given to St. Louis to be staged in connection with the St. Even before the U. Clinton promised an official investigation into the On May 14, , the legendary singer, actor and show-business icon Frank Sinatra dies of a heart attack in Los Angeles, at the age of Sinatra emerged from an Italian-American family in Hoboken, New Jersey, to become the first modern superstar of popular music, with an Sign up now to learn about This Day in History straight from your inbox.
On May 14, , two diesel trains carrying commuters crash head-on, killing 42 people and injuring over more near Shigaraki, Japan. This was the worst rail disaster in Japan since a November Yokohama crash killed people.
By , guerrilla fighting had broken out between the Jews and the Arabs. Unable to maintain peace, Britain issued a white paper in that restricted Jewish immigration into Palestine. The Jews, feeling betrayed, bitterly opposed the policy and looked to the United States for support. While President Franklin D. Roosevelt appeared to be sympathetic to the Jewish cause, his assurances to the Arabs that the United States would not intervene without consulting both parties caused public uncertainty about his position.
When Harry S. Truman took office, he made clear that his sympathies were with the Jews and accepted the Balfour Declaration, explaining that it was in keeping with former President Woodrow Wilson's principle of "self-determination. Throughout the Roosevelt and Truman administrations, the Departments of War and State, recognizing the possibility of a Soviet-Arab connection and the potential Arab restriction on oil supplies to this country, advised against U.
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